Synthesis of Five-Membered Heterocycles Using Water as a Solvent

Abstract

Water owing to its modest cost, easy accessibility, and non-toxic and non-flammable attributes has been considered one of the most ideal and promising solvents in organic synthesis, especially from the green and sustainable point of view. Furthermore, considering the immense enzyme-mediated biosynthesis in nature, water serves as a favourable medium for the versatile synthesis of a wide variety of complicated molecules and compounds. Over the past decades, considerable efforts have been deployed in conducting organic reactions using water as a solvent. In recent years, more and more general organic reactions were successfully exploited to perform in water instead of organic solvents to achieve sustainable and environmental benefits.