Collagen in Orthopedics: From Molecules to Therapies

Abstract

Collagen, the primary constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in most living organisms, is a structurally unique protein that has been classified into seven categories based on its supramolecular structure. The abundance of collagen in the human musculoskeletal system implicates it in the pathogenesis of several orthopedic conditions. Consequently, its metabolic products are useful biomarkers for the prognosis, diagnosis, and monitoring of orthopedic ailments. Collagen also finds therapeutic applications in orthopedics because of its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical stability. Several collagen-based biomaterials (CBBs) including sponges and nanofibers are currently used in orthopedic therapy. This chapter begins with a concise description of the biosynthesis of collagen as well as its classification and distribution in the human body. Subsequently, the chapter discusses the potential of collagen in orthopedic diagnostics and therapeutics while also delineating the challenges posed by collagen-based biomarkers, the risks associated with collagen from different sources, and the drawbacks of the conventional methods used to fabricate CBBs. Finally, the chapter explores the use of modern techniques like 3D bioprinting for the synthesis of highly structured collagen matrices and emphasizes the need for future research into collagen-based diagnostics and therapeutics in orthopedic surgery.