Abstract
For large-scale hydrogen use for alternative fuel problems, hydrogen transportation must be solved. Hydrogen can be transported as compressed gas, liquid, or bound in carriers. The chapter describes current transportation technologies—gaseous hydrogen via pipelines or special trucks, and liquid hydrogen in cryogenic tanks. The potential of using existing natural gas pipelines is analyzed; the need for modern pipeline material complex research is emphasized. Transportation in solid or liquid carriers, disadvantages and advantages of transportation methods, and problems and ways to solve them are analyzed. Hydrogen facilitates the conversion of low-grade crude oils into high-energy transport fuels by catalytic cracking and desulfurization. Ammonia production, essential for fertilizers and explosives, relies heavily on hydrogen synthesis from nitrogen and hydrogen. Methanol and dimethyl ether fuels offer alternatives to hydrogen storage and transportation, while liquid hydrocarbon fuels from coal and biomass utilize hydrogen in conversion processes like Fischer-Tropsch. Proton exchange membrane and alkaline fuel cells depend on hydrogen for electricity generation in transportation. Additionally, hydrogen serves as a reductant in metallurgy, with advancements in direct iron reduction and green steel initiatives driving sustainable practices in the steel industry. These applications underscore in modern processes and its potential for addressing energy and environmental challenges.