Iron-catalysed oxidation and halogenation of organic matter in nature

Abstract

Environmental context Natural organohalogens produced in and released from soils are of utmost importance for ozone depletion in the stratosphere. Formation mechanisms of natural organohalogens are reviewed with particular attention to recent advances in biomimetic chemistry as well as in radical-based Fenton chemistry. Iron-catalysed oxidation in biotic and abiotic systems converts organic matter in nature to organohalogens. Abstract Natural and anthropogenic organic matter is continuously transformed by abiotic and biotic processes in the biosphere. These reactions include partial and complete oxidation (mineralisation) or reduction of organic matter, depending on the redox milieu. Products of these transformations are, among others, volatile substances with atmospheric relevance, e.g. CO2, alkanes and organohalogens. Natural organohalogens, produced in and released from soils and salt surfaces, are of utmost importance for stratospheric (e.g. CH3Cl, CH3Br for ozone depletion) and tropospheric (e.g. Br2, BrCl, Cl2, HOCl, HOBr, ClNO2, BrNO2 and BrONO2 for the bromine explosion in polar, marine and continental boundary layers, and I2, CH3I, CH2I2 for reactive iodine chemistry, leading to new particle formation) chemistry, and pose a hazard to terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. halogenated carbonic acids such as trichloroacetic acid). Mechanisms for the formation of volatile hydrocarbons and oxygenated as well as halogenated derivatives are reviewed with particular attention paid to recent advances in the field of mechanistic studies of relevant enzymes and biomimetic chemistry as well as radical-based processes.