1. Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
2. Corresponding author.
3. School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuda 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan.
4. Osaki City Office, Furukawa Nanokamachi 1-1, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6188, Japan.
5. NEWJEC, Honjo Higashi 2-3-20, Kita-ku, Osaka 531-0074, Japan.
6. Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.