Cellular Adaptations to Cytoplasmic Mg2+ Limitation

Author:

Groisman Eduardo A.12,Chan Carissa1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA;

2. Yale Microbial Sciences Institute, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA

Abstract

Mg2+ is the most abundant divalent cation in living cells. It is essential for charge neutralization, macromolecule stabilization, and the assembly and activity of ribosomes and as a cofactor for enzymatic reactions. When experiencing low cytoplasmic Mg2+, bacteria adopt two main strategies: They increase the abundance and activity of Mg2+ importers and decrease the abundance of Mg2+-chelating ATP and rRNA. These changes reduce regulated proteolysis by ATP-dependent proteases and protein synthesis in a systemic fashion. In many bacterial species, the transcriptional regulator PhoP controls expression of proteins mediating these changes. The 5′ leader region of some mRNAs responds to low cytoplasmic Mg2+ or to disruptions in translation of open reading frames in the leader regions by furthering expression of the associated coding regions, which specify proteins mediating survival when the cytoplasmic Mg2+ concentration is low. Microbial species often utilize similar adaptation strategies to cope with low cytoplasmic Mg2+ despite relying on different genes to do so.

Publisher

Annual Reviews

Subject

Microbiology

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