Photoreceptors Take Charge: Emerging Principles for Light Sensing

Author:

Kottke Tilman1,Xie Aihua2,Larsen Delmar S.3,Hoff Wouter D.45

Affiliation:

1. Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;

2. Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA;

3. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA;

4. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA;

5. Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA

Abstract

The first stage in biological signaling is based on changes in the functional state of a receptor protein triggered by interaction of the receptor with its ligand(s). The light-triggered nature of photoreceptors allows studies on the mechanism of such changes in receptor proteins using a wide range of biophysical methods and with superb time resolution. Here, we critically evaluate current understanding of proton and electron transfer in photosensory proteins and their involvement both in primary photochemistry and subsequent processes that lead to the formation of the signaling state. An insight emerging from multiple families of photoreceptors is that ultrafast primary photochemistry is followed by slower proton transfer steps that contribute to triggering large protein conformational changes during signaling state formation. We discuss themes and principles for light sensing shared by the six photoreceptor families: rhodopsins, phytochromes, photoactive yellow proteins, light-oxygen-voltage proteins, blue-light sensors using flavin, and cryptochromes.

Publisher

Annual Reviews

Subject

Cell Biology,Biochemistry,Bioengineering,Structural Biology,Biophysics

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