1. 1Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Hamline University, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA; email: jpeterson68@hamline.edu
2. 2School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Metropolitan State University, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
3. 3College of Liberal Arts, Hamline University, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
4. 4Department of Economics, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA