Energy and Human Health

Author:

Smith Kirk R.1,Frumkin Howard2,Balakrishnan Kalpana3,Butler Colin D.4,Chafe Zoë A.15,Fairlie Ian6,Kinney Patrick7,Kjellstrom Tord8,Mauzerall Denise L.9,McKone Thomas E.110,McMichael Anthony J.11,Schneider Mycle12

Affiliation:

1. School of Public Health,

2. School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195;

3. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai-600116, India;

4. Discipline of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;

5. Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7360;,

6. Independent Consultant on Radioactivity in the Environment, United Kingdom;

7. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;

8. Center for Global Health Research, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; and National Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200 Australia;

9. Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544;

10. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720;

11. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia;

12. Independent Consultant on Energy and Nuclear Policy, Paris, France;

Abstract

Energy use is central to human society and provides many health benefits. But each source of energy entails some health risks. This article reviews the health impacts of each major source of energy, focusing on those with major implications for the burden of disease globally. The biggest health impacts accrue to the harvesting and burning of solid fuels, coal and biomass, mainly in the form of occupational health risks and household and general ambient air pollution. Lack of access to clean fuels and electricity in the world's poor households is a particularly serious risk for health. Although energy efficiency brings many benefits, it also entails some health risks, as do renewable energy systems, if not managed carefully. We do not review health impacts of climate change itself, which are due mostly to climate-altering pollutants from energy systems, but do discuss the potential for achieving near-term health cobenefits by reducing certain climate-related emissions.

Publisher

Annual Reviews

Subject

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health,General Medicine

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