The Curious Strategy of Multipartite Viruses

Author:

Michalakis Yannis1,Blanc Stéphane2

Affiliation:

1. Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France;

2. Unité Mixte de Recherche—Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite (UMR BGPI), Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier SupAgro, Université Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France;

Abstract

Multipartite virus genomes are composed of several segments, each packaged in a distinct viral particle. Although this puzzling genome architecture is found in ∼17% of known viral species, its distribution among hosts or among distinct types of genome-composing nucleic acid remains poorly understood. No convincing advantage of multipartitism has been identified, yet the maintenance of genomic integrity appears problematic. Here we review recent studies shedding light on these issues. Multipartite viruses rapidly modify the copy number of each segment/gene from one host species to another, a putative benefit if host switches are common. One multipartite virus functions in a multicellular way: The segments do not all need to be present in the same cell and can functionally complement across cells, maintaining genome integrity within hosts. The genomic integrity maintenance during host-to-host transmission needs further elucidation. These features challenge several virology foundations and could apply to other multicomponent viral systems.

Publisher

Annual Reviews

Subject

Virology

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