The State of Stress on the Fault Before, During, and After a Major Earthquake

Author:

Brodsky Emily E.1,Mori James J.2,Anderson Louise3,Chester Frederick M.4,Conin Marianne5,Dunham Eric M.6,Eguchi Nobu7,Fulton Patrick M.8,Hino Ryota9,Hirose Takehiro10,Ikari Matt J.11,Ishikawa Tsuyoshi10,Jeppson Tamara12,Kano Yasuyuki13,Kirkpatrick James14,Kodaira Shuichi15,Lin Weiren16,Nakamura Yasuyuki15,Rabinowitz Hannah S.17,Regalla Christine18,Remitti Francesca19,Rowe Christie14,Saffer Demian M.20,Saito Saneatsu7,Sample James18,Sanada Yoshinori7,Savage Heather M.1,Sun Tianhaozhe20,Toczko Sean7,Ujiie Kohtaro21,Wolfson-Schwehr Monica22,Yang Tao23

Affiliation:

1. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;

2. Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan

3. Total E&P UK Limited, Westhill AB32 6JZ, United Kingdom

4. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

5. Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources, 54000 Nancy, France

6. Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA

7. Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka-city, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan

8. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA

9. Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan

10. Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kochi 783-8502, Japan

11. MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany

12. Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

13. Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan

14. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E8, Canada

15. Research Institute for Marine Geodynamics, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan

16. Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

17. US Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20024, USA

18. School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA

19. Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy 41125

20. Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA

21. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-0006, Japan

22. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California 95039-0628, USA

23. Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

Abstract

Earthquakes occur by overcoming fault friction; therefore, quantifying fault resistance is central to earthquake physics. Values for both static and dynamic friction are required, and the latter is especially difficult to determine on natural faults. However, large earthquakes provide signals that can determine friction in situ. The Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project (JFAST), an Integrated Ocean Discovery Program expedition, determined stresses by collecting data directly from the fault 1–2 years after the 2011 Mw 9.1 Tohoku earthquake. Geological, rheological, and geophysical data record stress before, during, and after the earthquake. Together, the observations imply that the shear strength during the earthquake was substantially below that predicted by the traditional Byerlee's law. Locally the stress drop appears near total, and stress reversal is plausible. Most solutions to the energy balance require off-fault deformation to account for dissipation during rupture. These observations make extreme coseismic weakening the preferred model for fault behavior. ▪  Determining the friction during an earthquake is required to understand when and where earthquakes occur. ▪  Drilling into the Tohoku fault showed that friction during the earthquake was low. ▪  Dynamic friction during the earthquake was lower than static friction. ▪  Complete stress drop is possible, and stress reversal is plausible.

Publisher

Annual Reviews

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous),Astronomy and Astrophysics

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