From Input to Output: The Lap/c-di-GMP Biofilm Regulatory Circuit

Author:

Collins Alan J.12,Smith T. Jarrod23,Sondermann Holger4,O'Toole George A.2

Affiliation:

1. Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA

2. Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA;

3. Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA

4. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA

Abstract

Biofilms are the dominant bacterial lifestyle. The regulation of the formation and dispersal of bacterial biofilms has been the subject of study in many organisms. Over the last two decades, the mechanisms of Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilm formation and regulation have emerged as among the best understood of any bacterial biofilm system. Biofilm formation by P. fluorescens occurs through the localization of an adhesin, LapA, to the outer membrane via a variant of the classical type I secretion system. The decision between biofilm formation and dispersal is mediated by LapD, a c-di-GMP receptor, and LapG, a periplasmic protease, which together control whether LapA is retained or released from the cell surface. LapA localization is also controlled by a complex network of c-di-GMP-metabolizing enzymes. This review describes the current understanding of LapA-mediated biofilm formation by P. fluorescens and discusses several emerging models for the regulation and function of this adhesin.

Publisher

Annual Reviews

Subject

Microbiology

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