Land-Management Options for Greenhouse Gas Removal and Their Impacts on Ecosystem Services and the Sustainable Development Goals

Author:

Smith Pete1,Adams Justin2,Beerling David J.3,Beringer Tim4,Calvin Katherine V.5,Fuss Sabine67,Griscom Bronson8,Hagemann Nikolas910,Kammann Claudia11,Kraxner Florian12,Minx Jan C.613,Popp Alexander14,Renforth Phil15,Vicente Vicente Jose Luis6,Keesstra Saskia1617

Affiliation:

1. Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom;

2. World Economic Forum, 1223 Cologny, Switzerland

3. Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom

4. Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany

5. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Joint Global Change Research Institute, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA

6. Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, 10829 Berlin, Germany

7. Geographical Institute, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany

8. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia 22203, USA

9. Ithaka Institute gGmbH, 79106 Freiburg, Germany

10. Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland

11. Institute for Applied Ecology, Department of Climatic Effects on Special Crops, Hochschule Geisenheim University, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany

12. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria

13. Priestley International Centre for Climate, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

14. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14412 Potsdam, Germany

15. Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh TD1 3HF, United Kingdom

16. Wageningen Environmental Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands

17. Civil, Surveying and Environmental Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia

Abstract

Land-management options for greenhouse gas removal (GGR) include afforestation or reforestation (AR), wetland restoration, soil carbon sequestration (SCS), biochar, terrestrial enhanced weathering (TEW), and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). We assess the opportunities and risks associated with these options through the lens of their potential impacts on ecosystem services (Nature's Contributions to People; NCPs) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We find that all land-based GGR options contribute positively to at least some NCPs and SDGs. Wetland restoration and SCS almost exclusively deliver positive impacts. A few GGR options, such as afforestation, BECCS, and biochar potentially impact negatively some NCPs and SDGs, particularly when implemented at scale, largely through competition for land. For those that present risks or are least understood, more research is required, and demonstration projects need to proceed with caution. For options that present low risks and provide cobenefits, implementation can proceed more rapidly following no-regrets principles.

Publisher

Annual Reviews

Subject

General Environmental Science

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