Energy Efficiency: What Has Research Delivered in the Last 40 Years?

Author:

Saunders Harry D.1,Roy Joyashree23,Azevedo Inês M.L.4,Chakravarty Debalina5,Dasgupta Shyamasree6,de la Rue du Can Stephane7,Druckman Angela8,Fouquet Roger9,Grubb Michael10,Lin Boqiang11,Lowe Robert12,Madlener Reinhard1314,McCoy Daire M.915,Mundaca Luis16,Oreszczyn Tadj17,Sorrell Steven18,Stern David19,Tanaka Kanako20,Wei Taoyuan21

Affiliation:

1. Carnegie Institution for Science, Global Ecology Group, Stanford, California 94305, USA;

2. Sustainable Energy Transition Program, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Change, Asian Institute of Technology, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand

3. Department of Economics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India

4. Department of Energy Resources Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA

5. Department of Economics, St. Xavier's University, Kolkata 700160, India

6. School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India

7. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA

8. Centre for Environment and Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, United Kingdom

9. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom

10. UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources, The Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, Bartlett School of Environment, Energy & Resources, University College London, London NW1 2HE, United Kingdom

11. China Institute for Studies in Energy Policy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China

12. UCL Energy Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom

13. School of Business and Economics/E.ON Energy Research Center, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany

14. Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway

15. The Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin D02 K138, Ireland

16. International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, Lund University, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden

17. Bartlett School of Environment, Energy & Resources, University College London, London WC1H 0NN, United Kingdom

18. Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom

19. Crawford School of Public Policy, College of Asia & the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia

20. Center for Low Carbon Society Strategy, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-8666, Japan

21. Climate Economics Group, Center for International Climate Research (CICERO), 0318 Oslo, Norway

Abstract

This article presents a critical assessment of 40 years of research that may be brought under the umbrella of energy efficiency, spanning different aggregations and domains—from individual producing and consuming agents to economy-wide effects to the role of innovation to the influence of policy. After 40 years of research, energy efficiency initiatives are generally perceived as highly effective. Innovation has contributed to lowering energy technology costs and increasing energy productivity. Energy efficiency programs in many cases have reduced energy use per unit of economic output and have been associated with net improvements in welfare, emission reductions, or both. Rebound effects at the macro level still warrant careful policy attention, as they may be nontrivial. Complexity of energy efficiency dynamics calls for further methodological and empirical advances, multidisciplinary approaches, and granular data at the service level for research in this field to be of greatest societal benefit.

Publisher

Annual Reviews

Subject

General Environmental Science

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