A Study in Inspiration: Charles Henry Turner (1867–1923) and the Investigation of Insect Behavior

Abstract

Charles Henry Turner was an African American scientist who, while eking out a living as a high school science teacher, made important advances in the study of insect learning and behavior. Contributions include the development of research methods, investigations of color vision and pattern vision in honey bees, and the first demonstration of Pavlovian conditioning in an insect. This review begins with a biography and continues with a summary of his major research accomplishments. Also included are quotations from his publications and from people who knew him. In addition, the question is raised as to why Turner did not receive an academic appointment, and similar data of racial disparity are presented on the small number of African American entomologists. It is suggested that the story of Turner can be used to increase interest in entomology, especially among African Americans.