PARTY POLARIZATION IN AMERICAN POLITICS: Characteristics, Causes, and Consequences

Author:

Layman Geoffrey C.1,Carsey Thomas M.2,Horowitz Juliana Menasce1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;

2. Department of Political Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306;

Abstract

▪ Abstract  Recent commentary points to clear increases in ideological polarization between the major American political parties. We review the theoretical and empirical literature on party polarization and partisan change. We begin by comparing the current period both to earlier political eras and to theories of partisan change. We argue that in the current period the parties have grown increasingly divided on all the major policy dimensions in American politics—a process that we term conflict extension. We discuss various perspectives on increases in polarization between the parties in government, the parties in the electorate, and the parties' activists, and we consider the causal links between polarization at each of these levels. We consider whether American society itself, and not just the parties and their identifiers, has become increasingly polarized. Finally, we discuss the consequences of growing party polarization for American political life.

Publisher

Annual Reviews

Subject

Sociology and Political Science

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