Initiation of Movement and Energy Expenditure in Children With Developmental Delay: A Case-Control Study

Abstract

BackgroundLower levels of physical activity in children with developmental delay (DD) usually are attributed to higher energy costs. However, there is no evidence that children with DD spend more energy on daily physical activities, such as walking.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare energy costs during walking and movement initiation times in children with DD and children with typical development (TD) and matched for age.DesignThis was a case-control study.MethodsChildren who were 3 and 5 years old and had DD (n=12) or TD (n=12) participated in the study. Measurements included ranges of motion in the lower extremities, physiological costs of walking, and movement initiation times. A task designed to evaluate the initiation of movement (the “go play with the toy” task) was used to examine the reaction times for children's goal-directed walking.ResultsThe physiological costs of walking were similar in the 2 groups; however, children with DD walked at a lower speed than children with TD. Importantly, children with DD took more time to initiate goal-directed walking.LimitationsThe nature of the study design limited causal inference from the results.ConclusionsChildren who were 3 to 5 years old and had DD had delays in goal-directed movement that may not have been attributable to motor impairments. The findings suggest that therapists should evaluate the movement initiation ability of 3- to 5-year-old children with DD as part of the design of an overall intervention plan.