Risk factors for atherosclerosis in the light of existing scientific facts

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is a progressive, multifactorial, diffuse, multisystemic, chronic, inflammatory disease, which is manifested by disorders of vascular, immune and metabolic system. Atherosclerosis is a disease of the large and intermediate sized arteries in which one can observe five stages (endothelial dysfunction, fatty stain, transitory lesion, fibrotic plaque and complex lesion). Pathogenesis of this disease is not fully understood. Numerous scientific theories, as well as functional, experimental and clinical studies try to explain pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, whose the frequentative consequences, coronary disease and cerebral infarction, are currently the leading worldwide cause of death. In this review, we provide an overview of recent literature data and practical knowledge related to most important risk factors for atherosclerosis. Having in mind increase of prevalence of atherosclerosis and its complications in future, it is necessary to take preventive actions to decrease risk factors (inappropriate diet rich in carbohydrates and saturated fat, obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity). Except to lifestyle changes, usage of hypocaloric diet and increase level of physical activity, in patients with progressive atherosclerosis it is necessary to apply appropriate medical treatment.