Tracheobronchial aspiration syndrome

Abstract

Aspiration-inhalation of solid or liquid materials into the airways-occurs when solids or liquids are introduced into the supraglottic area rapidly or in large volumes or when airway defences are reduced by structural abnormalities or neurological impairment. Tracheobronchial aspiration (TBA) syndrome is currently among leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world when it comes to accidents, and it is the leading cause in one-year-old children. During the last several years, destructive effects of some food and drugs on respiratory system have been revealed. TBA may cause no complications at all or may result in a range of complications from paroxysmal cough to respiratory failure and lethal outcome. Rapid diagnosis is of utmost importance in correct interventions that should be done in a timely manner, and in prevention of complications, which are sometimes irreversible. This is a review of TBA syndrome etiopathogenesis with special reference to those caused by solid foreign bodies, including those of biological origin, hydrocarbons, lipids, and water-drowning. Special attention is given to TBA syndrome in children, and to complications such as aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis. Current approach in treatment of the syndrome is explained in dependence of its etiology. Importance, indications and possibilities of interventional bronchoscopy are highlighted.