Perinatal complications following excisional treatment of cervical dysplasia

Abstract

Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women. Mass screenings have significantly decreased its incidence, while causing an increase in precancerous cervical lesions that are mainly diagnosed in women of reproductive age who still have not fulfilled their reproductive goals. The aim of surgical treatment of these premalignant lesions is to prevent the development of cervical cancer, with minimal risks to the reproductive function. The most important perinatal complication is preterm delivery, usually coupled with preterm premature rupture of the membranes and chorioamnionitis. This results in prematurity with low birth weights, which can further result in increased neonatal morbidity and mortality. Data on the incidence of spontaneous miscarriages in treated women are non-consistent , however, it is believed that the incidence is higher in the second trimester. Possible predictors of complications are the amount of excised tissue, the type of excision technique, age at the time of surgery, and the length of the period between treatment and conception. Re-excision of the cervix is an additional risk factor for perinatal complications. The risk of perinatal complications is the highest after cold knife conization, followed by laser conization, whereas LEETZ excision means the lowest risk-this is primarily explained by the variations in the cone size. Having in mind that not all precancerous cervical lesions progress to cancer and that all types of excision treatments are associated with an increased incidence of perinatal complications, an adequate approach would entail primarily well-selected patients, i.e., treating only those women who are at real risk of developing cancer. The surgical treatment must be adapted to provide minimal risks for perinatal complications, maximal oncologic safety , and minimal risk of residual and/or recurring disease during a woman's lifespan.