The relationship of the metabolism of iron, organic matter and phlebotomy with the erythropoiesis of ruminants

Abstract

Erythropesis is the process of making red blood cells and it is related to numerous factors in the body. Iron is important because of its role in the process of making hemoglobin. In addition to the mentioned iron, it is an indirect indicator of inflammation and is regulated at the systemic and cellular level, so its lack speaks of the overall health status of individuals. Fe deficiency in the body takes place through three phases. In the first phase, there is emptying of tissue depots, but its total amount in the circulation increases, then follows the second phase or the phase of real deficit with decreasing concentration of serum iron and hemoglobin, and the third phase is the phase in which the significance of iron deficit is clinically seen. Iron deficiency disrupts all aspects of erythropoiesis. Therefore, first the iron reserves are used up, then with the decrease of transported iron, erythropoiesis changes, and when the availability of this iron is completely reduced, anemia will occur due to iron deficiency. Lipid metabolism also plays a very important role in the functioning of hematopoietic stem cells. Fatty acid oxidation is the main catabolic pathway by which energy is produced in hematopoietic stem cells. Long-chain fatty acids are activated in the cytosol and transported to the mitochondria by the transport system. In them, beta oxidation takes place through several known stages, creating acetyl coenzyme A, which starts the cycle of tricarboxylic acids. Deletion of the gene for regulation of fatty acid oxidation causes hematopoiesis stem cells to lose their potential to reconstruct and maintain themselves. Due to the importance of lipolysis in ruminants and the fact that stem cells are found in the lipidrich niches of bone marrow, we will also consider the relationship between bone marrow adipocytes and hematopoiesis. Chronic phlebotomy in rams or Fe deficiency due to inflammation and fatty liver in cows lead to specific changes in red blood cell and blood metabolites. All of the above shows that it is necessary to know the metabolic flows in order to better understand erythropoiesis in ruminants.