Renal resistive index measurements by ultrasound in patients with liver cirrhosis: Magnitude and associations with renal dysfunction

Abstract

BACKGROUND The hemodynamic alterations seen in liver cirrhosis lead to renal vasoconstriction, ultimately causing acute kidney injury (AKI). The renal resistive index (RRI) is the most common Doppler ultrasound variable for measuring intrarenal vascular resistance. AIM To evaluate the association of the RRI with AKI in patients with liver cirrhosis and to identify risk factors for high RRI. METHODS This was a prospective observational study, where RRI was measured using Doppler ultrasound in 200 consecutive hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. The association of RRI with AKI was studied. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was utilized to determine discriminatory cut-offs of RRI for various AKI phenotypes. Multivariate analysis was conducted to determine the predictors of high RRI. RESULTS The mean patient age was 49.08 ± 11.68 years, with the majority (79.5%) being male; the predominant etiology of cirrhosis was alcohol (39%). The mean RRI for the study cohort was 0.68 ± 0.09, showing a progressive increase with higher Child-Pugh class of cirrhosis. Overall, AKI was present in 129 (64.5%) patients. The mean RRI was significantly higher in patients with AKI compared to those without it (0.72 ± 0.06 vs 0.60 ± 0.08; P < 0.001). A total of 82 patients (41%) had hepatorenal syndrome (HRS)-AKI, 29 (22.4%) had prerenal AKI (PRA), and 18 (13.9%) had acute tubular necrosis (ATN)-AKI. The mean RRI was significantly higher in the ATN-AKI (0.80 ± 0.02) and HRS-AKI (0.73 ± 0.03) groups than in the PRA (0.63 ± 0.07) and non-AKI (0.60 ± 0.07) groups. RRI demonstrated excellent discriminatory ability in distinguishing ATN-AKI from non-ATN-AKI (area under ROC curve: 93.9%). AKI emerged as an independent predictor of high RRI (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 11.52), and high RRI independently predicted mortality among AKI patients (adjusted OR: 3.18). CONCLUSION In cirrhosis patients, RRI exhibited a significant association with AKI, effectively differentiated between AKI phenotypes, and predicted AKI mortality.