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2. Restall, R. L., C. Rodner, and M. Lentino (2006). Birds of Northern South America, an Identification Guide. Volumes 1–2. Christopher Helm, London, UK.
3. Hilty, S. L. (2002). A Guide to the Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
4. Kattan, G. and Murcia, C. (1985). Hummingbird association with Acorn Woodpecker sap trees in Colombia. Condor. 87(4): 542-543.
5. Hilty, S. L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London, UK.