Low-loss weak-coupling 6-mode hollow-core negative curvature fiber based on symmetric double-ring nested tube

Abstract

Few-mode optical fibers have played an increasingly important role in breaking through the transmission capacity limitations of single-mode optical fiber and alleviating the bandwidth crisis in optic fiber communication systems in recent years. Nevertheless, traditional solid core few-mode optical fibers usually suffer from optical fiber nonlinearity and mode coupling, leading to mode crosstalk between channels. Hollow core negative curvature fibers (HC-NCF) have attracted widespread attention due to their advantages such as low latency, low nonlinearity, low dispersion, low transmission loss, and large operating bandwidth. In this work, a novel low-loss few-mode HC-NCF with symmetrically double ring nested tube structure is designed, which supports six core modes including LP₀₁、LP₁₁、LP₂₁、LP₀₂、LP_31a、LP_31b. The designed optical fiber is based on silica dioxide substrate and adopts a unique symmetrical double ring nested cladding structure, which can effectively suppress the coupling between the core mode and the cladding mode. The finite element method (FDE) was used to numerically analyze the properties of the proposed few-mode HC-NCF and optimize the structural parameters of the few-mode HC-NCF. Moreover, the confinement loss and bending loss of all core modes were investigated. The simulation results show that the proposed few-mode HC-NCF can support the independent transmission of six weakly coupled core modes (with the effective refractive index difference greater than 1×10^-4 between the adjacent core modes, which greatly avoids the coupling between the adjacent modes in the fiber core). Within the 400 nm bandwidth (1.23-1.63 µm, covering the O, E, S, C, and L bands), all six modes in the fiber core maintain low loss transmission. Moreover, within the range of 1.3-1.63 µm, the CL of LP₀₁, LP₁₁ and LP₂₁ modes is less than 1×10^-3 dB/m, and the CL of LP₀₂ and LP_31b modes is less than 3×10^-3 dB/m. The CL of each mode reached the lowest value at 1.4 µm, and the LP₀₁ mode has the lowest CL of 4.3×10^-7 dB/m. In addition, for a bending radius of 7 cm, each mode maintains the low bending loss characteristic over a certain operating wavelength range. Within the range of 1.23-1.61 µm, the BL of LP₀₁ is less than 4.5×10^-4 dB/m, and the BL of LP₁₁ is less than 1.3×10^-3 dB/m. The tolerance analysis shows that even with a structural parameters deviation of ±1%, the few-mode HC-NCF can still maintain the characteristic of low-loss and weak coupling. The designed few-mode HC-NCF has ultra-low CL and bending-insensitive characteristics, while supporting independent transmission of six modes, which will find huge application potential in the future high performance mode division multiplexing systems.