Study of nuclear excitation by electron capture via the stopping of highly charged ions

Abstract

<sec>The long-lived isomer is a potential energy-storage material with good energy storage density and storage period. However, releasing the stored energy from such an isomer is challenging. A recognized method is isomer depletion: the isomer is excited to an adjacent short-lived energy level, followed by de-excitation to the ground state, releasing all the stored energy. Six possible mechanisms for isomer depletion have been proposed, i.e. photoabsorption, coulomb excitation, inelastic scattering, nuclear excitation by electron transition, nuclear excitation by electron capture (NEEC), and electronic bridge. Among them, NEEC has attracted significant attention in recent years.</sec><sec>The NEEC occurs when a free electron is captured into an empty atomic orbital, with the nucleus excited simultaneously. To observe the NEEC, one can utilize the stopping process of high-velocity, high-charge-state ions in solid materials. As injected into a stopping material, the ions will be decelerated and capture electrons in the material. In the resonant process of NEEC, the sum of the binding energy and the kinetic energy of the free electron matches the energy required for nuclear excitation. If they do not match, or if the orbitals are already occupied by electrons, the NEEC cannot occur, as indicated by the red arrows in the figure. <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">\begin{document}$ ^{93{\mathrm{m}}} {\mathrm{Mo}} $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic specific-use="online" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M2.jpg"/><graphic specific-use="print" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M2.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> is an ideal candidate for NEEC measurements. It is an isomeric state with an excitation energy of 2.4 MeV, a spin-parity of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M3">\begin{document}$21/2 ^+ $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic specific-use="online" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M3.jpg"/><graphic specific-use="print" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M3.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, and a half-life of 6.85 h. In addition, there is an energy level with a spin-parity of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M4">\begin{document}$17/2 ^+ $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic specific-use="online" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M4.jpg"/><graphic specific-use="print" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M4.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> and half-life of 3.5 ns; its excitation energy is 4.8-keV higher than that of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M5">\begin{document}$ ^{93{\mathrm{m}}} {\mathrm{Mo}} $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic specific-use="online" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M5.jpg"/><graphic specific-use="print" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M5.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> and primarily de-excites to the <inline-formula><tex-math id="M6">\begin{document}$ 13/2^+ $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic specific-use="online" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M6.jpg"/><graphic specific-use="print" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M6.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> state through a 268-keV gamma ray. This level is referred to as the triggering level in the NEEC process. Once excited to the triggering level, the nucleus decays immediately to the ground state, releasing energy of about 2.4 MeV.</sec><sec>In 2018, Chiara et al. reported the first experimental observation of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M7">\begin{document}$ ^{93{\mathrm{m}}} {\mathrm{Mo}} $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic specific-use="online" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M7.jpg"/><graphic specific-use="print" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M7.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> isomer depletion with a probability of 1.0(3)%, which was attributed to the NEEC mechanism. However, the following theoretical calculations fail to reproduce such a high probability. In 2022, another experiment was devoted to measuring the depletion of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M8">\begin{document}$ ^{93{\mathrm{m}}} {\mathrm{Mo}} $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic specific-use="online" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M8.jpg"/><graphic specific-use="print" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M8.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> in the stopping process. The measurements were performed at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou. However, no characteristic 268-keV transition caused by isomer depletion was observed, and it was inferred that the upper limit of the excitation probability was about <inline-formula><tex-math id="M9">\begin{document}$2\times 10^{-5} $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic specific-use="online" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M9.jpg"/><graphic specific-use="print" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M9.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, which is different from the previously reported value of 1%. The beam energy in the Lanzhou experiment is lower than that of the previous data, which can lead to different depletion probabilities. Thus, further experiments are required to clarify this issue.</sec><sec>In this study, two experiments related to NEEC are conducted, the reliability of the experimental results is evaluated from a new perspective of error analysis, and a design scheme is provided for implementing further experiments. According to the proposed experimental setup, the recoil energy is considerably increased and particle-identification devices are added. The detectors for particle identification can cause energy loss, thus the increasing of the recoil energy is also a prerequisite for particle identification. Considering the recoil energy, production cross-section, and the population of high-spin states that can decay to<inline-formula><tex-math id="M10">\begin{document}$ ^{93{\mathrm{m}}} {\mathrm{Mo}} $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic specific-use="online" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M10.jpg"/><graphic specific-use="print" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M10.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, we recommend the <inline-formula><tex-math id="M11">\begin{document}$ ^{94}{\mathrm{Zr}}+ ^{4}{\mathrm{He }}$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic specific-use="online" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M11.jpg"/><graphic specific-use="print" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240276_M11.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> as the beam-target candidate for future experiments based on the secondary beam line. In addition, a simple design for particle identification is also introduced in this study.</sec>