Detection, Estimation and Radiation Formation Using Smart Antennas for the Spatial Location

Abstract

The Electromagnetic (EM) waves are impinging on the base station from all the directions, Equally Spaced Uniform Linear Antenna Array (ESULA) are used to process these incoming EM waves to Detect and Estimate the directions of the mobile transmitters. After the process of Detection and Estimation, Electronic Beamforming is used to provide the narrow sharper beam towards the detected user. This Detection, Estimation and Beamforming plays a key role in variety of use cases like Radar, Wireless Communication and Sonar based systems. Smart Antenna Systems are implemented using two strategies namely Direction of Arrival (DoA) and Beamforming (BF). Direction of Arrival is a mechanism of Detecting and Estimating the directions of the mobile transmitters. Beamforming on the other hand is a process of transmission of the EM waves towards the source in a specific direction and providing the Spectral Nulls to other Interfering users. To increase the user capacity and to enhance the user experience Spatial Location based Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) technology is used. To improve the overall performance of the smart antenna systems energy and packet delivery is majorly focused on specific source directions rather than using blind transmission strategy. In this paper performance analysis of algorithms for Direction of Arrival methods as well as the Beamforming methods have been performed. Experimental simulations are conducted and comparison is done with respect to Bias, Resolution and Time complexity for the Direction of Arrival methods. Noise Subspace Method (NSM) DoA algorithm consistently delivered the optimal bias, high resolution detection of the user location in spatial domain and provided lesser time complexity for both the scenarios which uses fewer antenna elements or larger number of antenna array elements at the base station. Similarly for the case of Beamforming methods the Mean Square Error and Beam-directions have been compared.