Gentle Driving of Piles: Field Observations, Quantitative Analysis and Further Development

Abstract

Abstract In this paper, the main findings and developments pertaining to the Gentle Driving of Piles (GDP) method are presented, addressing various aspects of monopile installation. GDP introduces an innovative vibratory installation method for tubular (mono)piles, utilizing simultaneous low-frequency axial and high-frequency torsional vibrations to enhance the pile installation performance, while curbing underwater noise emissions during driving. To support the earliest development of the GDP method a multi-fold research programme has been carried out, including laboratory experiments, field testing, and advanced numerical modelling. The first field tests at the Maasvlakte II site (Port of Rotterdam, The Netherlands) successfully demonstrated the use of GDP in sandy soil in terms of (enhanced) installation as well as post-installation response to lateral cyclic loading. Furthermore, numerical modelling work was undertaken, addressing the aspects of drivability, vibro-acoustics and lateral response to cyclic loading. This paper provides novel insights into sustainable monopile installation, addressing challenges related to installation performance, lateral loading response, and vibro-acoustics. GDP emerges as a propitious solution for future offshore monopile installation, contributing to the ambitious goals of the offshore wind sector.