A Review on Ecopharmacovigilance and their Major Impact on Bio-Diversity

Abstract

Ecopharmacovigilance (EPV) included science and activities associated with the detection, evaluation, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment. These drugs enter the environment in a variety of ways, creating negative impacts. Vultures dying after eating the carcasses of animals treated with Diclofenac sodium, Ethinyl oestradiol negatively affecting fish through "feminization" of males, Ivermectin negatively affecting dung beetle growth, Fluoxetine causing behavioural changes in shrimps, and bacterial resistance are just a few examples of drugs that have harmful effects on the environment. Some corrective methods that can be expected to reduce the number of pharmaceuticals entering the environment include lowering pharmaceutical waste, enhancing the efficiency of sewage treatment plants, green pharmacy, and developing better medication disposal systems. Regulatory agencies have tried a variety of approaches to mitigate the environmental impact of pharmaceuticals, including Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of drugs, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and Risk Mitigation Measures. Drug effects must be monitored not only for medical reasons, but also to protect the environment.