Peak Loads Associated With High-Impact Physical Activities in Children

Abstract

Physical activities involving impact loading are important for improving bone strength and mineral density in children. There is little research quantifying impact loads associated with various high-impact activities. Purpose: Examine the magnitude of peak ground reaction forces (pGRF) across different jumping activities in children. Methods: Eight children between 8 and 12 years (9.63 [1.49] y; 1.42 [0.08] m; 33.69 [4.81] kg), performed 5 trials of a broad jump, countermovement jump, jumping jack, leap jump, and drop jump on a force plate. The pGRF were determined during the landing phase of each activity and expressed in units of body weight (BW). A repeated-measures analysis of variance was employed to assess differences in pGRF across activities. Results: Drop jump exhibited the greatest pGRF (3.09 [0.46] BW) in comparison with the vertical jumping jack (2.56 [0.21] BW; P < .001) and countermovement jump (2.45 [0.22] BW; P = .001), as well as the horizontal broad jump (2.25 [0.2] BW; P = .003), and leap jump (2.01 [0.1] BW; P = .002). Conclusion: Peak loads between 2 and 3.1 BW were exhibited across each jump activity, which is moderate compared with magnitudes in most jump interventions seeking to improve bone health. All conditions except drop jump exhibited loading <3 BW, suggesting these activities may not produce sufficient loads to improve bone outcomes.