A Systematic Review of Lower-Body Kinematic and Strength Factors Associated With Pitch Velocity in Adult Baseball Pitchers

Abstract

Context: Ball velocity for baseball pitchers is influenced by a multitude of factors along the kinetic chain. While a vast amount of data currently exist exploring lower-extremity kinematic and strength factors in baseball pitchers, no previous study has systematically reviewed the available literature. Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to perform a comprehensive assessment of the available literature investigating the association between lower-extremity kinematic and strength parameters and pitch velocity in adult pitchers. Evidence Acquisition: Cross-sectional studies that investigated the association between lower-body kinematic and strength factors and ball velocity in adult pitchers were selected. A methodological index for nonrandomized studies checklist was used to evaluate the quality of all included studies. Evidence Synthesis: Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria comprising a total of 909 pitchers (65%, professional, 33% college, and 3% recreational). The most studied elements were hip strength and stride length. The mean methodological index for nonrandomized studies score was 11.75 of 16 (range = 10–14). Pitch velocity was found to be influenced by several lower-body kinematic and strength factors including the following: (1) hip range of motion and strength of muscles around the hip and pelvis, (2) alterations in stride length, (3) alterations in lead knee flexion/extension, and (4) several pelvic and trunk spatial relationships throughout the throwing phase. Conclusions: Based on this review, we conclude that hip strength is a well-established predictor of increased pitch velocity in adult pitchers. Further studies in adult pitchers are needed to elucidate the effect of stride length on pitch velocity given mixed results across multiple studies. This study can provide a basis for trainers and coaches to consider the importance of lower-extremity muscle strengthening as a means by which adult pitchers can improve pitching performance.