Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition: Best Evidence, Mechanisms, and Theory for Treating the Unseen in Clinical Rehabilitation

Abstract

Context: Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) impedes the recovery of muscle function following joint injury, and in a broader sense, acts as a limiting factor in rehabilitation if left untreated. Despite a call to treat the underlying pathophysiology of muscle dysfunction more than three decades ago, the continued widespread observations of post-traumatic muscular impairments are concerning, and suggest that interventions for AMI are not being successfully integrated into clinical practice. Objectives: To highlight the clinical relevance of AMI, provide updated evidence for the use of clinically accessible therapeutic adjuncts to treat AMI, and discuss the known or theoretical mechanisms for these interventions. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases were searched for articles that investigated the effectiveness or efficacy of interventions to treat outcomes relevant to AMI. Evidence Synthesis: 122 articles that investigated an intervention used to treat AMI among individuals with pathology or simulated pathology were retrieved from 1986 to 2021. Additional articles among uninjured individuals were considered when discussing mechanisms of effect. Conclusion: AMI contributes to the characteristic muscular impairments observed in patients recovering from joint injuries. If left unresolved, AMI impedes short-term recovery and threatens patients’ long-term joint health and well-being. Growing evidence supports the use of neuromodulatory strategies to facilitate muscle recovery over the course of rehabilitation. Interventions should be individualized to meet the needs of the patient through shared clinician–patient decision-making. At a minimum, we propose to keep the treatment approach simple by attempting to resolve inflammation, pain, and effusion early following injury.