1. Department of Emergency Medicine, Alameda Health System, Oakland, California
2. Department of Emergency Medicine, Alameda Health System, Oakland, California; Andrew Levitt Center for Social Emergency Medicine, Berkeley, California
3. Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
4. University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, California
5. Department of Emergency Medicine, Alameda Health System, Oakland, California; Substance Use Disorder Treatment Program, Alameda Health System, Oakland, California