Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan parasite, is known to establish a lifelong latent infection in humans. This infection, termed latent toxoplasmosis, has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, and social behavior. While its exact etiology remains elusive, studies have increasingly explored the potential role of infectious agents in its development and progression. Epidemiological studies have shown an association between toxoplasma infection and an increased risk of schizophrenia development. Moreover, several plausible pathways have been proposed through which Toxoplasmosis may exert its influence on the central nervous system, including alterations in neurotransmitter levels, immune response dysregulation, and neuroinflammation. Understanding the intricate relationship between latent toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia could pave the way for novel therapeutic interventions and preventive strategies for individuals at risk. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge regarding the relationship between latent toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia. It synthesizes findings from epidemiological studies, clinical observations, and experimental research investigating the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in individuals with schizophrenia compared to the general population. Additionally, it examines the potential mechanisms through which T. gondii infection might contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, including neuroimmune responses, neurotransmitter alterations, and neurodevelopmental effects.