Factors Influencing Academic Adjustment and Learning Outcomes in Higher Education Institutions in Battambang: A Conceptual Framework

Abstract

University students frequently encounter comparable difficulties and experiences during the transition process, both domestically and internationally. Navigating academic adjustment successfully necessitates effectively addressing a number of variables that affect how effective the learning results are. The purpose of this study is to provide a conceptual framework, as well as to discover and elucidate the complex relationship between one mediated factor that influences students' learning outcomes and five predictor variables that influence how well students adjust academically. The independent variables include individual factors (INF), instructional and school factors (ISF), social and cultural factors (SCF), mental factors (MEF), and academic attainment factors (AAF). The mediated variable is the success of academic adjustment (SAA), and the dependent variable is the student’s learning outcome (SLO). This study entails a thorough review of data sources such as academic journals, research papers, and empirical studies from 1990--2024. The findings reveal that INF, ISF, SCF, MEF, and AAF directly influence and that positive relationships with SAA and SAA directly influence SLO. This research integrates theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence to propose a cohesive model that can guide future research and provide insight into effective educational practices. Students at higher education institutions in Battambang benefit from a more supportive learning environment created by a comprehensive approach that includes these components. This will also help students adjust academically and improve their learning outcomes.