Abstract
The use of herbal extracts is becoming more popular as a result of the rise in bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics. The benefits of Plantago major as traditional medicines have been acknowledged globally for years because of its medicinal properties. P. major leaf has been widely known for its efficacy in wound healing and also has antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Four hundred and eight samples (ear, urine, and sputum) were collected from patients who attended the main hospitals in Duhok city during the period from May 2022 to February 2023. Bacterial identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility were tested using the traditional methods and confirmed by VITEK 2 compact system. For the prevalence of P. aeruginosa, 87 isolates were isolated from 408 samples including, ear 39 (9.55%), urine 27(6.61%), and sputum 21(5.14%). Regarding antibiotic-resistant pattern, resistance was noticed to chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, cefixime, piperacillin, cefepime, and ceftazidime 100% for all isolates. Analysis of P. major plant components was done by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry detected 11 bioactive compounds in petroleum ether extract, and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry revealed that pectin found in petroleum ether extracts. For the extraction of P. major leaves petroleum ether were used as solvents using soxhlet, then the extract obtained were evaporated in a rotary evaporator. The antibacterial activity of P. major leaves was assessed by petroleum extract in serial dilutions of 100, 75, 50, 25, and 12.5 % and disc diffusion assay. A remarkable results were obtained, P. major leaves petroleum ether had the antimicrobial effects on P. aeruginosa growth with the inhibition zone diameter ranging from (1.93-9.63) mm. In conclusion, the present study highlighted that P. major leaves showed good antibacterial activity for the selected extract that can be used as a treatment for P. aeruginosa infections. Hence, herbal extracts could be used as a combination.
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