The Morbid Impact of Environmental Toxins on the Human Nervous System: Dystonia Nexus with Organic Solvents, Pesticides, and Heavy Metals

Author:

Kerna Nicholas A.ORCID,Ngwu Dabeluchi C.ORCID,Azi Cornelius I.ORCID,Holets Hilary M.ORCID,Flores John V.ORCID,Pruitt Kevin D.ORCID,Carsrud N.D. VictorORCID,McKee DevinORCID,Nwachukwu Dorathy,Roberson RashadORCID,Jomsky Breanna M.ORCID,Humam AmarORCID,Ikokwu Onyinyechi Dorcas,Obi Marian Onyinyechi

Abstract

Dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that lead to abnormal movements and postures. This review examines environmental toxins and their etiology and pathogenesis of dystonia. Environmental toxins – organic solvents, pesticides, and heavy metals – disrupt neural pathways and neurotransmitter functions, contributing to the development of dystonia. These toxins induce neurotoxicity through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and interference with neurotransmitter synthesis and release. Organic solvents disrupt neuronal membrane integrity and neurotransmission, while pesticides impair neurotransmitter synthesis and receptor function. Heavy metals alter ion channel function, promote oxidative stress, and trigger inflammatory responses, causing neuronal damage. Diagnosing dystonia requires a thorough medical history, neurological examination, lab work, and specialized tests, including imaging and genetic testing. Treatment strategies focus on symptom management by identifying and eliminating the source of environmental toxin exposure and medications (e.g., dopaminergic agents, anticholinergics, GABAergic agents, and BOTOX injections). These strategies are complemented by physical therapy, nutritional support, regulating monitoring and follow-up, and education and counseling.

Publisher

AMO Publisher

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