Cellular Pathophysiology in Zoonotic Transmission of Orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) from Animal Host to Human

Abstract

Orthopoxviruses (OPXVs), belonging to the Poxviridae family, are large, double-stranded DNA viruses known for their zoonotic potential and impact on human and animal health. This review explores the transmission dynamics of OPXVs from animal hosts to humans and the underlying cellular pathophysiological mechanisms. Animal hosts such as rodents, primates, and livestock are central in the ecology of OPXVs, with transmission typically occurring through direct contact or exposure to contaminated materials. Clinical manifestations in animals range from skin lesions and fever to respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, reflecting the diverse tissue tropism of these viruses. Humans primarily acquire OPXVs through contact with infected animals or their products, highlighting the zoonotic risk posed by these viruses. At the cellular level, OPXV infections involve complex interactions between viral proteins and host cell receptors, triggering robust immune responses characterized by cytokine release and inflammation. The viruses replicate within the cytoplasm without accessing the host cell nucleus, evading detection by nuclear sensors and exploiting cellular machinery for viral assembly. A comprehensive grasp of OPXV transmission dynamics and cellular pathophysiology is requisite to devise effective prevention and control strategies. Insights into host immune responses and viral replication mechanisms provide a foundation for antiviral drug development and vaccine strategies. This review synthesizes current knowledge on OPXV ecology, transmission, and cellular interactions, emphasizing their significance in veterinary, medical, and public health contexts.