Kramers–Kronig relations for nonlinear rheology. Part I: General expression and implications

Abstract

The principle of causality leads to linear Kramers–Kronig relations (KKR) that relate the real and imaginary parts of the complex modulus [Formula: see text] through integral transforms. Using the multiple integral generalization of the Boltzmann superposition principle for nonlinear rheology, and the principle of causality, we derived nonlinear KKR, which relate the real and imaginary parts of the [Formula: see text] order complex modulus [Formula: see text]. For [Formula: see text], we obtained nonlinear KKR for medium amplitude parallel superposition (MAPS) rheology. A special case of MAPS is medium amplitude oscillatory shear (MAOS); we obtained MAOS KKR for the third-harmonic MAOS modulus [Formula: see text]; however, no such KKR exists for the first harmonic MAOS modulus [Formula: see text]. We verified MAPS and MAOS KKR for the single mode Giesekus model. We also probed the sensitivity of MAOS KKR when the domain of integration is truncated to a finite frequency window. We found that (i) inferring [Formula: see text] from [Formula: see text] is more reliable than vice versa, (ii) predictions over a particular frequency range require approximately an excess of one decade of data beyond the frequency range of prediction, and (iii) [Formula: see text] is particularly susceptible to errors at large frequencies.