The Epidemiology of Takayasu Arteritis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Abstract

Objective Few population-based studies for Takayasu arteritis (TAK) have been performed, and Latin America prevalence/incidence data are unavailable. We aimed to understand TAK epidemiology in Rio de Janeiro City in 2020 (i.e., 6,747,815 inhabitants). Methods This was a cross-sectional fieldwork study where physicians who regularly followed TAK patients in public or private practices from Rio de Janeiro were invited to complete a REDCap survey. Patients should fulfill internationally accepted criteria for TAK and be living in the city. The 2020 prevalence was calculated as cases per 1,000,000 inhabitants (106). National government databases were analyzed for comparative prevalence assessment. The incidence rate was estimated using retrospective sections of cases diagnosed between 2010 and 2019; relative incidence risk was assessed by Poisson regression models with robust variance. Results Between May 2020 and May 2021, 114 patients were analyzed. Ninety-seven (85.1%) were female, and the most frequent races were White (44.7%), Mestizo (33.3%), and Black (16.7%). Takayasu arteritis 2020 prevalence was 16.9 cases/106 (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.1–20.3 cases/106); female patients and Black Brazilians had higher prevalence rates at 27.0 (95% CI, 22.2–33.3) and 25.1 cases/106 (95% CI, 16.1–39.3 cases/106), respectively. Government databases' analyses generated a lower prevalence (7.26 cases/106; 95% CI, 5.49–9.60 cases/106). The 2010–2019 mean incidence rate was 0.94 cases/106 per year (95% CI, 0.73–1.21 cases/106). Female patients had a higher risk than male patients of having TAK between 2010 and 2019 (relative risk, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.59–4.55; p < 0.0001). Conclusion In the largest population-based fieldwork to date and the first Latin American study on TAK prevalence, Rio de Janeiro City in 2020 showed an intermediate prevalence between Europe and Asia. Female patients and Black Brazilians were more affected than the general population.