Magnitude of the Second Gas Effect on Arterial Sevoflurane Partial Pressure

Abstract

Background A number of studies have demonstrated a faster rate of increase in end-expired partial pressure as a fraction of inspired (Pa/Pi) for volatile agents in the presence of high concentrations of nitrous oxide, consistent with the second gas effect. However, no study has demonstrated a similar effect on arterial blood concentrations. Methods The authors compared arterial and end-tidal partial pressures of sevoflurane (Pa/Pisevo and Pa/Pisevo) in 14 patients for 30 min after introduction of either 70% nitrous oxide or nitrous oxide-free gas mixtures to determine the magnitude of the second gas effect. Blood partial pressures were measured using a double headspace equilibration technique. Results Both Pa/Pisevo and Pa/Pisevo were significantly higher in the nitrous oxide group than in the control group (P < 0.001 on two-way analysis of variance). This difference was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for Pa/Pisevo (23.6% higher in the nitrous oxide group at 2 min, declining to 12.5% at 30 min) than for Pa/Pisevo (9.8% higher in the nitrous oxide group at 2 min) and was accompanied by a significantly lower Bispectral Index score at 5 min (40.7 vs. 25.4; P = 0.004). Conclusion Nitrous oxide uptake exerts a significant second gas effect on arterial sevoflurane partial pressures. This effect is two to three times more powerful than the effect on end-expired partial pressures. The authors explain how this is due to the influence of ventilation-perfusion scatter on the distribution of blood flow and gas uptake in the lung.