The Synergy of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Lifestyle Modification in Reducing Mortality and Blockage Prevention

Abstract

In developed countries, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death. Cardiovascular disease risk factors can be categorized as non modifiable (age, sex, race, and family history) or modifiable (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity, smoking, poor nutrition, stress, and sedentary lifestyle). Over 50% of cardiovascular events and deaths can be attributed to modifiable risk factors. The American Heart Association developed the “Life’s Simple 7” framework, which illustrates how lifestyle modifications—such as increasing physical activity, improving diet, giving up smoking, and managing weight—can contribute to heart-healthy living. Cardiac rehabilitation programs target these lifestyle modifications and result in a 35% reduction in 5-year mortality after myocardial infarction or bypass surgery. By promoting cardiac preconditioning, increasing coronary collateralization, and plaque regression, among other processes, physical exercise lowers the risk of cardiovascular death. It has been demonstrated that various diets, such as those high in fiber, low in saturated fats, low in sodium, and high in potassium, can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Smoking destroys the vascular endothelium and produces free radicals, which trigger the start and advancement of atherosclerosis. Quitting smoking decreased cardiovascular mortality by 39% in one of the studies. Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression and other psycho-behavioral and emotional therapies have been demonstrated to enhance heart function and lower the incidence of unfavorable cardiovascular events. Therefore, by following heart-healthy eating habits, getting regular exercise, giving up smoking, and controlling their stress, people can improve their quality of life and make their percutaneous coronary intervention operation more successful in the long run. This article addresses the above 4 lifestyle modalities, their pathophysiology, and their impact on cardiovascular outcomes post percutaneous interventions.