Immunomodulatory options for neurodevelopmental spectrum conditions: are we there yet?

Abstract

About 3–7% of the worldwide population is diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental condition, including autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nonetheless, the aetiology of these conditions is unclear and support options are limited or not effective for all those diagnosed. Cumulating evidence, however, supports a role of the immune system in neurodevelopment, and immune dysregulations have been implicated in neurodevelopmental atypicalities. This knowledge offers tremendous opportunities, especially the possibility to adopt immunomodulatory compounds, which are already available and safe to use, for the management of neurodevelopmental difficulties. This perspective discusses the potential of immune-based interventions in neurodevelopmental care. Here, the application of existing immunomodulatory compounds to symptom management is justified by findings of immune dysregulations across neurodevelopmental conditions and preliminary, encouraging immune-based clinical trials. Still, key considerations are presented, specifically the necessity of immune biomarkers to ensure the right support option for the right (subgroup of) individuals within the neurodevelopmental spectrum.