Distance and Socieoeconomic Status as Barriers to Cochlear Implantation

Abstract

Objective To assess the distance burden for access to cochlear implant (CI)–related services and to assess whether socioeconomic disadvantage or level of education and occupation influenced uptake of CIs. Study Design Retrospective case review. Setting A CI services provider operating across multiple centers. Patients All patients undergoing CI surgery in a 2-year period between March 2018 and February 2020. Intervention(s) Diagnosis of hearing loss, CI surgery, and subsequent habilitation and mapping. Main Outcome Measure(s) Distance traveled by patients to their audiological diagnostic, CI surgery hospital, and habilitation sites; subjects' index of relative socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage (IRSAD) and index of education and occupation (IEO). Results n = 201 children and n = 623 adults. There was a significant difference across IRSAD domains for children (p < 0.0001) and adults (p < 0.0001), and IEO in children (p = 0.015) and adults (p < 0.0001) when tested for equal proportions. The median driving distance from home to the diagnostic audiological site for children was 20 km (mean, 69 km; range, 1–1184 km; upper quartile, 79 km; lower quartile, 8 km). There was no significant difference between the driving distances from home to the CI surgery hospital site, or the mapping/habilitation sites between children and adults. There was no correlation for age at first surgery and either IRSAD/IEO. Conclusions The burden of distance for access to CI in Australia is significant for the upper quartile who may not live within the large city centers. Greater consideration needs to be given regarding barriers to CI for those in lower socioeconomic and educational groups to ensure equity of access across different socioeconomic and educational level backgrounds.