Molecular Genetic Etiology and Revisiting the Middle Ear Surgery Outcomes of Branchio-Oto-Renal Syndrome: Experience in a Tertiary Referral Center

Abstract

Objectives To explore the phenotypes and genotypes of patients with branchio-oto-renal (BOR) and branchio-otic (BO) syndrome, and to analyze the middle ear surgery outcomes qualitatively and quantitatively, proposing a factor usefully prognostic of surgical outcomes. Study design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients Eighteen patients with BOR/BO syndrome in 12 unrelated Korean families. Intervention Middle ear surgery, including either stapes surgery or ossicular reconstruction. Main Outcome Measure Clinical phenotypes, genotypes, and middle ear surgery outcomes Results Eight probands (66.7%) were confirmed genetically; the condition segregated as a dominant or de novo trait. Six EYA1 heterozygous variants were identified by exome sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. All variants were pathogenic or likely pathogenic based on the ACMG/AMP guidelines. Two novel EYA1 frameshift variants (p.His373Phefs*4 and p.Gln543Asnfs*90) truncating a highly conserved C-terminal Eya domain were identified, expanding the genotypic spectrum of EYA1 in BOR/BO syndrome. Remarkably, middle ear surgery was individualized to ensure optimal audiological outcomes and afforded significant audiological improvements, especially in BOR/BO patients without enlarged vestibular aqueducts (EVAs). A significant difference in air-bone gap closure after middle ear surgery was noted between the two groups even after adjusting for confounders: −20.5 dB in ears without EVAs (improvement) but 0.8 dB in ears with EVAs (no change or deterioration). Furthermore, the success rate was significantly associated with the absence of EVA. Conclusions The results of this study were against the notion that middle ear surgery is always contraindicated in patients with BOR/BO syndrome, and an EVA could be a negative prognostic indicator of middle ear surgery in BOR/BO patients. This may aid to determine the strategy of audiological rehabilitation in patients with BOR/BO syndrome.