Tear α-synuclein as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease symptoms mostly manifest after significant and irreversible neuropathology. Hence, there is a need to identify biomarkers that can provide indications of disease before significant neuronal degeneration occurs. OBJECTIVE To estimate the difference in the concentration of α-synuclein protein in tears between individuals with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The last database search was on December 20, 2023. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Primary prospective studies in humans measuring the level of α-synuclein in tears and clinical outcomes reported using mean or median. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS Individuals with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The I 2 statistic was used to estimate heterogeneity. The outcome measure was the difference in tear total and oligomeric α-synuclein. Mean difference (MD) was used to assess the outcome. The certainty of evidence was rated following the Grading of Recommendations Assessment and Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. RESULTS Three hundred twenty-seven Parkinson's disease and 312 healthy control subjects from five studies and 177 Parkinson's disease and 166 healthy control subjects from two studies were included in total α-synuclein levels and oligomeric α-synuclein levels analysis, respectively. Total α-synuclein level was not different between Parkinson's disease and healthy controls (MD = 0.02 ng/mL [95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.00 to 0.05 ng/mL; I 2 = 90%; Z = 1.79; p=0.07; number of studies = 5; GRADE rating = very low]). Stratifying the data based on disease duration, total α-synuclein was higher in subjects with Parkinson's disease duration ≥7 years compared with healthy controls (MD = 0.04 ng/mL [95% CI: 0.03 to 0.05 ng/mL; I 2 = 0%; Z = 8.24, p<0.00001; number of studies = 2; GRADE rating = low]) but not different between the two groups (MD = −0.12 ng/mL (95% CI: −0.38 to 0.15 ng/mL; I 2 = 93%; Z = 0.84, p=0.40; number of studies = 3; GRADE rating = very low]). Oligomeric α-synuclein level was higher in Parkinson's disease compared with controls (MD = 6.50 ng/mL [95% CI: 2.79 to 10.20 ng/mL; I 2 = 94%; Z = 3.44; p=0.0006; number of studies = 2; GRADE rating = very low]). LIMITATIONS High heterogeneity between studies. Potential sources of heterogeneity could not be explored due to the limited number of studies. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS Tear α-synuclein has the potential to be a noninvasive biomarker for Parkinson's disease. Studies are, however, needed to increase certainty in the biomarker and establish how the protein's changes in tears correlate with Parkinson's disease progression and severity.