Suppression of Fibrinolysis and Hypercoagulability, Severity of Hypoxemia, and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Author:

Corey Kristin M.1,Olson Lyra B.2ORCID,Naqvi Ibtehaj A.3,Morrison Sarah A.3,Davis Connor4,Nimjee Shahid M.5,Que Loretta G.6,Bachelder Robin E.3,Kraft Bryan D.6,Chen Lingye6,Nair Smita K.3,Levy Jerrold H.7,Sullenger Bruce A.3

Affiliation:

1. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.

2. Duke Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.

3. Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.

4. Duke Institute for Health Innovation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.

5. Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.

6. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.

7. Departments of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.

Abstract

Background COVID-19 causes hypercoagulability, but the association between coagulopathy and hypoxemia in critically ill patients has not been thoroughly explored. This study hypothesized that severity of coagulopathy would be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome severity, major thrombotic events, and mortality in patients requiring intensive care unit–level care. Methods Viscoelastic testing by rotational thromboelastometry and coagulation factor biomarker analyses were performed in this prospective observational cohort study of critically ill COVID-19 patients from April 2020 to October 2020. Statistical analyses were performed to identify significant coagulopathic biomarkers such as fibrinolysis-inhibiting plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and their associations with clinical outcomes such as mortality, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requirement, occurrence of major thrombotic events, and severity of hypoxemia (arterial partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen categorized into mild, moderate, and severe per the Berlin criteria). Results In total, 53 of 55 (96%) of the cohort required mechanical ventilation and 9 of 55 (16%) required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation–naïve patients demonstrated lysis indices at 30 min indicative of fibrinolytic suppression on rotational thromboelastometry. Survivors demonstrated fewer procoagulate acute phase reactants, such as microparticle-bound tissue factor levels (odds ratio, 0.14 [0.02, 0.99]; P = 0.049). Those who did not experience significant bleeding events had smaller changes in ADAMTS13 levels compared to those who did (odds ratio, 0.05 [0, 0.7]; P = 0.026). Elevations in plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (odds ratio, 1.95 [1.21, 3.14]; P = 0.006), d-dimer (odds ratio, 3.52 [0.99, 12.48]; P = 0.05), and factor VIII (no clot, 1.15 ± 0.28 vs. clot, 1.42 ± 0.31; P = 0.003) were also demonstrated in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation–naïve patients who experienced major thrombotic events. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 levels were significantly elevated during periods of severe compared to mild and moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome (severe, 44.2 ± 14.9 ng/ml vs. mild, 31.8 ± 14.7 ng/ml and moderate, 33.1 ± 15.9 ng/ml; P = 0.029 and 0.039, respectively). Conclusions Increased inflammatory and procoagulant markers such as plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, microparticle-bound tissue factor, and von Willebrand factor levels are associated with severe hypoxemia and major thrombotic events, implicating fibrinolytic suppression in the microcirculatory system and subsequent micro- and macrovascular thrombosis in severe COVID-19. Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Publisher

Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Subject

Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine

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