1. Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.
2. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.
3. Department of Anesthesiology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.
4. Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; RAND Health, Boston, Massachusetts.