Outcome of pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis – a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background Portal hypertension in cirrhosis brings about a complex interplay in the risks of bleeding and thrombosis. It is unclear whether hospitalized patients with cirrhosis need pharmacological prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism (VTE), as it may increase the risk of bleeding. We aimed to compare the outcome of hospitalized patients with cirrhosis with and without pharmacological thromboprophylaxis. Methods A comprehensive search of three databases was conducted from inception to August 2022 for studies comparing the outcome of hospitalized patients with cirrhosis with and without pharmacological prophylaxis for VTE. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the outcomes of VTE or bleeding. Results Overall, 12 studies were included in the final analysis. The pooled incidence of VTE in patients with and without thromboprophylaxis was 1.9% (95% CI: 0.8–2.9) and 1.9% (95% CI: 0.9–2.9), respectively. The odds of VTE were comparable between the groups with OR 1.11 (95% CI: 0.76–1.62). The pooled incidence of bleeding events in patients with and without thromboprophylaxis was 6.7% (95% CI: 3.6–9.8) and 10.4% (95% CI: 6.6–14.1), respectively. There was no significant difference in the odds of overall bleeding (OR 0.68; 95% CI: 0.30–1.52) or major bleeding (OR 1.18; 95% CI: 0.55–2.56) between the groups. There was no significant difference in the relative effects on sensitivity analysis. Conclusion The present analysis could not demonstrate the benefit of pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in reducing in-hospital VTE in patients with cirrhosis. Future studies are required to assess the role of risk prediction models in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis.