1. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
2. New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
3. Health Services Research & Development (HSR&D) Seattle Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
4. Center of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
5. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
6. Department of Population Health, Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
7. Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
8. Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
9. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
10. San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
11. Department of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
12. Department of Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States