Neuroanatomical evidence and a mouse calcitonin gene–related peptide model in line with human functional magnetic resonance imaging data support the involvement of peptidergic Edinger–Westphal nucleus in migraine

Abstract

Abstract The urocortin 1 (UCN1)–expressing centrally projecting Edinger–Westphal (EWcp) nucleus is influenced by circadian rhythms, hormones, stress, and pain, all known migraine triggers. Our study investigated EWcp's potential involvement in migraine. Using RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunostaining, we examined the expression of calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) receptor components in both mouse and human EWcp and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Tracing study examined connection between EWcp and the spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN). The intraperitoneal CGRP injection model of migraine was applied and validated by light–dark box, and von Frey assays in mice, in situ hybridization combined with immunostaining, were used to assess the functional–morphological changes. The functional connectivity matrix of EW was examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging in control humans and interictal migraineurs. We proved the expression of CGRP receptor components in both murine and human DRN and EWcp. We identified a direct urocortinergic projection from EWcp to the STN. Photophobic behavior, periorbital hyperalgesia, increased c-fos gene–encoded protein immunoreactivity in the lateral periaqueductal gray matter and trigeminal ganglia, and phosphorylated c-AMP–responsive element binding protein in the STN supported the efficacy of CGRP-induced migraine-like state. Calcitonin gene–related peptide administration also increased c-fos gene–encoded protein expression, Ucn1 mRNA, and peptide content in EWcp/UCN1 neurons while reducing serotonin and tryptophan hydroxylase-2 levels in the DRN. Targeted ablation of EWcp/UCN1 neurons induced hyperalgesia. A positive functional connectivity between EW and STN as well as DRN has been identified by functional magnetic resonance imaging. The presented data strongly suggest the regulatory role of EWcp/UCN1 neurons in migraine through the STN and DRN with high translational value.